In private security, the use of force continuum is the most commonly recognized framework for understanding how and when force may be applied. In professional practice, however, it is more accurately described as a use of force paradigm—a flexible, behavior-driven model rather than a rigid, step-by-step ladder.
At its core, the security guard use of force continuum exists to ensure that any force used is reasonable, proportional, and legally defensible, based on the subject’s actions and the totality of the circumstances.
The Security Guard Use of Force Continuum (Paradigm Model)
1. Presence
The first level of the use of force continuum is presence.
A professional security presence alone often deters misconduct. This includes:
- Proper uniform and visible identification
- Professional posture and awareness
- Calm, confident demeanor
- Strategic positioning on post
At this level, no force is used. Presence is preventative and is often the most effective tool in the entire continuum.
2. Communication (Verbal Control)
Communication is the most frequently used level within the security guard use of force continuum.
This includes:
- Verbal direction and lawful commands
- De-escalation techniques
- Active listening
- Setting boundaries and explaining consequences
Examples:
- “This is private property. You need to leave now.”
- “Let’s slow this down so it doesn’t escalate.”
Effective communication can resolve most encounters without ever moving further up the use of force continuum.
3. Open-Hand Techniques (Empty-Hand Control)
When communication fails and a subject becomes physically resistant, the use of force continuum allows escalation to open-hand techniques.
Soft Hand Techniques
Used for passive resistance, including:
- Escort holds
- Pressure and leverage
- Balance displacement
- Guiding techniques
These methods are designed to gain compliance with minimal injury.
Hard Hand Techniques
Used for active resistance, such as:
- Defensive strikes
- Takedowns
- Counter-grips
- Blocking and disengagement
Hard-hand techniques are still considered less-than-lethal but involve greater force and risk.
4. Less-Than-Lethal Force Options
If empty-hand techniques are ineffective or unsafe, the use of force continuum permits escalation to less-than-lethal force, when authorized by policy and training.
Common less-than-lethal tools include:
- OC Spray – distance control, pain compliance, temporary incapacitation
- Baton – defensive impact tool targeting large muscle groups
- Taser – neuromuscular incapacitation for aggressive or assaultive subjects
Less-than-lethal does not mean harmless. These tools can cause serious injury if misused and must be justified within the continuum.
5. Deadly Force
Deadly force is the highest level of the security guard use of force continuum.
Deadly force is justified only when a guard reasonably believes there is an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to themselves or others.
Critical principles:
- Deadly force is for defense of life, not property
- A firearm is not a compliance tool
- Justification is based on immediacy, severity, and reasonableness
Once deadly force is justified, the continuum effectively ends because the threat has reached its highest possible level.
Key Principles of the Use of Force Continuum
- The use of force continuum is not linear
- Guards may move up or down based on subject behavior
- Subject actions dictate force—not emotion or punishment
- Distance, environment, weapons, and multiple subjects matter
- Guards must follow company policy, post orders, and training
- All uses of force must be properly documented
Questions & Answers
Is the use of force continuum a checklist?
No. The use of force continuum is a decision-making framework, not a step-by-step requirement.
Can a security guard skip levels of the use of force continuum?
Yes. If the threat justifies it, guards may move directly to a higher level of force.
Are security guards required to try verbal commands first?
When safe and practical, yes—but not when doing so would place the guard or others at risk.
Is deadly force part of the use of force continuum?
Yes. Deadly force is the final and most restricted level of the security guard use of force continuum.
Does every guard have the same force options?
No. Authorized force options depend on licensing, training, company policy, and post orders.
Final Takeaway
The security guard use of force continuum—or more accurately, the use of force paradigm—exists to protect everyone involved: the public, the client, and the guard. It emphasizes professional judgment, proportional response, and legal accountability.
Well-trained security guards understand that while force should be avoided when possible, it must be applied decisively and lawfully when required.
Looking for Professional Security Guard Services in Colorado?
Work with a licensed security company that understands Colorado law, private-property authority, and proper arrest procedures.
Contact us to request a security quote
Related Articles:
- Why Do Security Guards Carry Firearms?
- Armed Security Guard Services
- Security Guard Basic Duties Explained: The DDORDD Model
- Colorado Shopkeeper’s Privilege: What It Is, When Security Can Act, and the Legal Limits
- When Should A Business Hire Security?
- What Is Probable Cause For A Security Guard?
- Can A Security Guard Search You Or Your Bags?
Legal Disclaimer (PGSS LLC):
This information is provided for general educational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Laws and regulations can change, and local, state, federal, and municipal requirements may vary. Always consult qualified legal counsel regarding specific legal questions. Patrol Guard Security Services LLC assumes no liability for actions taken based on this content.
Leave a Reply